For anybody with an Odroid HC2 (should be the same on XU4/XU3) the name is also changed to
enu1.
Creating a .network file as described before fixed the issue for me.
For everybody looking for a fix for their own device -> look at
journalctl and search for entries mentioning
renamed from eth0. My timestamps were off by a long shot but that might have to do with this being a fresh install with unsynced clock.
If your device is headless, like the HC2 you can
chroot onto your root filesystem from a machine with a different architecture using qemu
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/QEMU#Chrooting_into_arm/arm64_environment_from_x86_64