Came across this thread with the same issue on my novena board. I found out what's wrong.
The AESBS crypto driver is buggy for XTS on ARM (
https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/ ... sbs-glue.c). To use aes-xts-* ciphers you'll have to build a new kernel with
$this->bbcode_second_pass_code('', 'CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM_BS=m
CONFIG_CRYPTO_XTS=m')
Then after installing your new kernel, before running cryptsetup, run:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_code('', 'rmmod aes-arm-bs
modprobe xts')
as root. Hope this helps!