I have tried the 3.14.14-5 kernel, but unfortunately nothing changed.
I did try out something else though: I have booted into the new kernel and created a new luks partition with "cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1". This works without problems. Next I try to open that new volume with "cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda1 crypt-sda1", but it fails!. If I then reboot to 3.10.30-30 kernel it is also not able to open the new luks volume. So the 3.14.14-x kernels all seem to fail opening an existing (good) volume that is generated with another system (arch 3.10 kernel, or gentoo 3.16 kernel) AND the arch 3.14 kernels also generate new volumes that can not be opened by itself ,or by another working kernel. In all cases it does NOT show errors, but simply says the password is wrong. I hope this helps at least in ruling out some scenarios.
Also: In my case loging in via ssh still works with the 3.14.14 kernel. So it could be that the problem Geoff encounters is not the same as I have.
Does anybody knonw if in the 3.14 kernel something changed in the crypography parts? Maybe some hardware encryption/decryption was enabled for the imx6 chip?
Along another line of thought: Could it also be an USB issue? I read in multiple places that there are USB issues with the cubox kernel. All the drives I have tried are USB (I do not own an e-sata drive). My USB keyboard works without problems though.